托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解

沉苍由分享更新时间：2024-09-10 13:43:04

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托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解生词变熟词要这么操作

托福阅读如何看文章积累新词汇?

单词量不够一直是很多考生阅读时遇到的障碍之一。考生除了通过背词汇书提高词汇量之外，也可以利用托福阅读文章来积累新词汇。具体该如何操作呢?首先，考生将一篇托福阅读文章中不认识的单词划出来，标上序号，然后整理到笔记本上。整理完成后，很多考生自然会想到通过查阅词典来记录单词的意思。事实上，考生在精读时，不要过分依赖词典，而是多尝试练习猜词的方法，这样真正上考场时，考生遇到生词不会过分紧张。具体来说，在查阅词典之前，考生应该先根据单词所在的上下文语境猜测单词的含义，然后再通过查阅词典来进行核实，最后将正确含义记录在笔记本上。

托福阅读中的学科词汇要积累吗?

是不是所有自己不认识的单词都需要仔细背诵呢?当然不是。托福阅读文章具有多学科的特点，所以，势必会有很多学科词汇是考生所不认识的，对于专业的学科词汇，考生只要做到识记含义即可，比如，perennial (多年生植物)、biennial (两年生植物)、annual (一年生植物)等植物学词汇。那么，哪些词汇是必须认真背诵与掌握的呢?简单地说，就是那些影响考生理解句子的单词。以下面这个例句为例。

Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (托福官方真题34 “Islamic Art and the Book”)

大部分考生在精读这句话时会查阅这四个划线的单词，其中Koran表示伊斯兰教中的《古兰经》，这一专有名词考生只作基本了解即可，因为考生即使不认识这个单词，也不会干扰对句子的理解。而其余的三个单词supplant (取代)、parchment (羊皮卷)、conservative (保守的)都会妨碍考生对原句的理解，如果考生不认识这些单词，就会很难理解出句子的意思为“经过多个世纪之后，纸张才取代羊皮卷用来抄写某个东西”这个关键信息，也会不明白because of后面提及的原因究竟是什么。从词性的角度来说，影响句子理解的单词一般是动词和形容词，因为它们通常透露着原句的重要细节。从托福阅读考试来说，动词和形容词也是词汇题比较“青睐”的考查对象。

托福阅读可以积累写作用的词汇

此外，考生还可以从托福阅读文章中积累写作中可以用到的单词或词组。以下面例句为例。

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications(碉堡), and participation in the local economy. (托福官方真题19 “The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain”)

考生可能不认识considerable，查阅后会知道它意为“相当大的;重要的”，那么have a considerable on sth.就表示“对……产生重大影响”，这个词组在很多写作话题中都可以使用，考生可以将其作为写作表达积累起来，比如，考生要表达“阅读对人的性格产生着重大影响”的含义，则可以说：“Reading books has a considerable impact on people’s characters.”

精读词汇的最后一步就是在笔记本上把那些需要重点记忆的单词用荧光笔再次强调突出，然后多花时间进行重点背诵和记忆。

托福阅读详解之摄影史

Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the firstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

词汇解析：

perception n. 看法;感知

alter v. 更改

logical adj. 逻辑的;合乎逻辑的

intent adj. 坚决的;专注的

react v. 作出反应;起不良反应;反抗

impatient adj. 无耐心的

topographical adj. 地形的

permanent adj. 永久的;不断发生的

silver n. 银;银器

patent n. & v. & adj. 专利;得到...专利;显而易见的强调

ancestor n. 祖先;物种原型

multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍数

reproduce v. 复制;重演

duplicate v. & n. 复制;复制品

etch v. 凿刻;铭刻

engrave v. 刻上

tonal adj. 声调的

难句解析：

The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.十九世纪中期与后期的现实主义和自然主义画家都高度关注摄影术，将其当作一门可以使用、借鉴而且要适应的技术。

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.当时针孔照相机已经为大家所熟识，它是一种是用小孔或透镜将摄影投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状设备，这种设备已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，像意大利画家卡纳莱托就用它详细记录了威尼斯城。

The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.卡罗式摄影法革命性地使用了化学处理的纸片，纸片上受到光照射的区域的色调会变暗于是产生了负像。这种被塔尔博特称为“负片”的东西随后会被用于在另一张化学处理的纸片上洗印多张正像。

The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.而卡罗式摄影法可以洗出多张照片，因此相当于蚀刻术或雕刻术。其整体的效果是轮廓和色调模糊。

填空

本篇文章介绍了两种摄影技术_____和__________技术诞生于1839年;_____技术诞生于1841年;两种摄影技术产生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一张影像;_____可以洗出多张照片

Answers:

Daguerreotype, calotype

托福阅读备考之100个必懂短语

1. a couple of 两三个，几个

Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.

2. account for 解释

Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.

3. adapt to 使适应于

They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

4, adorn with sth 用…装饰

Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

5.appeal to 吸引

Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

6.apply to 适用于

Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.

7.at best 充其量，最多

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

8.at intervals 相隔一定距离

However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下

A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期

The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

11.back and forth 来回地

They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.

12.be absent from 缺席，不在

Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.

13.be capable of 能…的

Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

14. be characterized by 以…为特征

The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

15.be composed of 由…组成

Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

16.be concerned with 与某事物有关

Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.

17.be distinct from 与…不同

Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets

18.be essential to 对…不可缺少

Public performance is essential to verbal art.

19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受

Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.

20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是

But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的

Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

22.be regarded as 被认为是

Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的

Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

24. be responsible for 对…负责

In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.

25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的

Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.

26.be subjected to 经历，遭受

Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

27. be superior to 优越于

Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

28 .be traced to 找出根源

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到

People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.

30. be/become/get accustomed to 习惯于

In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.

31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的

Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

32.benefit from 从…中受益

Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.

33.break down 分解

All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

34.by far 到目前为止

Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.

35.by means of 通过，凭借

The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.

36.by virtue of 由于

Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics

37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内

The delivery service was at first confined to cities.

38.conform to 符合

Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area

39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于

Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.

40.cope with 对付

Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.

41.date back to 始于

In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

42. depend on 依靠

The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.

43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物

Plant stems die when deprived of water.

44.derive from 获得，起源于

Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.

45.due to 由于，因为

Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

46. evolve from/out of 从...进化来，从…发展来

The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.

47.extract from 提取

It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.

48.feed on 以…为食物

Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.

49.focus on 集中(注意力)于

They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.

50. get rid of 处理掉

Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.

51.give access to 向…开放

To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

52.give birth to 使诞生，引起

Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

53.give off 发散，发出

If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.

54.give rise to 引起，导致

The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.

55.go beyond 超过，越过

An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.

56.go out of business 停业，关门

The shop went out of business.

57.have nothing to do with 与…无关

A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.

58.impart to 传授给

They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

59.impose on 强加于

New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.

60.in common 共同

No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.

61.in favor of 赞同，支持

The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.

62.in quantity 大量，大批

There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.

63.in season 当季

Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.

64.in spite of 尽管，任凭

In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.

65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情况下

The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.

66.in view of 由于

In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.

67.instead of 代替

Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.

68.invest in 投资

He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.

69.lead to 导致，引起

In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.

70.leave out 排除

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.

71.off the mark 不正确

This analogy is not far off the mark.

72.on behalf of 代表

Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.

73. on the basis of 在…的基础上

Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning

74.owing to 由于，因为

Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.

75.perceive sth as sth 认为

Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.

76.pick up 学会

Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.

77.put off 推迟

Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.

78.regardless of 不顾

Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.

79.result from 因..而产生

Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.

80.result in 结果，导致

The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.

81.set about 开始，动手

African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.

82. set aside 留下将来用

Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.

83.so far 到目前为止

The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.

84.sort out 把…分类

Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.

85.spring up 涌现

In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.

86.stem from 起源于

It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.

87.stretch out 伸展，伸出

The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.

88.strive for 为…而奋斗

As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.

89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考虑到

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

90.take advantage of 利用

Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

91.thanks to 由于

kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.

92.to some extent 某种程度上

Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.

93.turn out 结果是，证明是

Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.

94.usher in 宣告…的来临

Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.

95. wear away 磨损

Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust

96.wipe out 消灭，肃清

Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.

97.with respect to 在…方面

The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.

98. with the advent of 随着…的出现

With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.

99.with the aid of 借助于

It is now taught with the aid of computers.

100.with the exception of 除..以外

With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.

托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解

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