2020年托福阅读考试预测

托福预测是很多同学在考前必看的，这样既可以看看自己的水平怎么样，而且，说不定真的可以帮上忙，那么下面就和学习啦来看看2020年托福阅读考试预测。

2020年托福阅读考试预测

Models of Egg Development

Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles (e.g. lizards) evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians (e.g. frogs and toads) lay in water. The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer， a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology. His specialty was early reptiles because， he felt， they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras (around 230 million years ago). Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians that is， amphibians living in water called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features. Indeed， some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine. Eventually， though， the transition was made， but these early reptiles remained aquatic. The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval (pre- adult) stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds. However， the land has its own set of dangers， not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere. To cope with these problems， a series of protective membranes developed around the egg， including a hard shell. Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.

Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring， whose specialty is fossil eggs.

In Kohring's model， amphibians during the Mississippian epoch (360-320 million years ago) spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water. Because of the harsher conditions， eggs were produced with larger yolks， that is， more nutrients for the embryo. With larger yolks， the eggs were bigger， and fewer of them could be produced by the female hundreds rather than thousands. ■ To keep the larger egg intact， one or more membranes were developed， including one that surrounded and protected the egg. ■ This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions， which are poisonous. ■ Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land (it was pre-adapted to be laid there.) ■

One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared. The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos' growth. But life on the ground is not without hazards， based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs. Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality. To counter this loss of eggs， some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous (containing calcium carbonate) layer. This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching. And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age. In time， a thicker， more resistant shell developed. However， a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo. To compensate， larger eggs were produced， containing a great deal more albumen (egg white， a water-soluble protein). At this point， the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.

Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour. They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction， we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's. For Packard and Seymour， the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles， their skeletons were exactly the same.

B. It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so much alike.

C. The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are amphibians and which are reptiles.

D. Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.

2. The word “exclusively” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. only

B. initially

C. primarily

D. temporarily

3. According to paragraph 1， aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to

A. enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere

B. ensure the rapid development of a hard shell

C. enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land

D. protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water

4. The word “Accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. Forcing

B. Collecting

C. Distributing

D. Isolating

5. In paragraph 2， why does the author mention the information about calcium ions

A. To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes

B. To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land

C. To explain why， according to Kohring， a hard shell evolved

D. To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium

6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the relationship between eggs and water

temperature

A. Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.

B. Eggs needed warm water to survive.

C. Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.

D. Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.

7. According to paragraph 2， all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian epoch EXCEPT：

A. They had hard shells made from calcium ions.

B. They had larger yolks than previously.

C. They had protective membranes.

D. They were produced in larger quantities than previously.

8. The word “counter” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. escape

B. stop

C. combat

D. delay

9. According to paragraph 3， early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that

A. the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes

B. the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth

C. the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age

D. the egg could be laid on land

10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 3 as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell

A. It increased the hatching period.

B. It prevented the development of large-size eggs.

C. It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.

D. It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.

11. The word “breakthrough” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. effect

B. development

C. requirement

D. goal

12. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the fibrous membrane

A. It served the same function as the gelatin coat.

B. It was larger than the gelatin coat.

C. It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.

D. It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Answer Choices

A. Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long before they started laying eggs on land.

B. Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.

C. In Rolf Kohring's view， early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were produced in harsh water conditions， making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.

D. Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects and microbes.

E. Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor waters.

F. According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour， reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.

参考答案

Q1B Q2A Q3D Q4B Q5C Q6A Q7D Q8C Q9A Q10C

Q11B Q12D Q13A Q14 BCD

托福阅读备考的8个建议

1、一定要扩大词汇量。词汇是做一切英语阅读的基础，就如同造房子如果说句型结构是房梁，那么词汇就是盖房子的砖块。特别是对于托福这样的考试，很多参与IBT考试的同学也是有出国读书的打算的因此多了解词汇对学生日后出国尽快适应国外大学的课文和学科内容也是有好处的。很多同学觉得托福阅读有难度，细细了解一下其实也就是有一连串的单词不懂，因此影响了对整篇文章的理解。

2、个人并不赞成题海战术，考好IBT需要用心准备但不能仅仅是做大量阅读。而是在于做完每篇文章后自己究竟得到了什么?这很重要。但考生无须担心，因为南京新东方IBT老师会为学员做针对性的总结，把每次考试积累下来的读题和答题经验传授给大家，让大家在阅读的道路上提高速度，少走弯路。

给托福学员的考试TIPS：

1.考试采取早签早考原则，所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队，早点开考。不过如果过早的话，就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。

2.一进考场在阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒，会有些影响，一定要集中注意力;

3.每个人开始的时间不一样，所以具体休息的时间不一样，具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。

4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师，因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来，下一个人才能去，所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你，这样就会让你先出去，否则要等很长时间;

5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样，但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的，不要跨去做题，顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;

6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩，不要点错，否则就白考了。

7.中间根本没有时间吃东西，考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累，接近虚脱状态。

8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复，甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的，但是分配到每个国家，时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经，可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。

托福阅读文章结构解密

1. 托福阅读学术性文章的篇章结构：

在托福阅读学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：

(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;

在托福文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;

(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。

在托福文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

2. 托福阅读学术性文章的段落结构

托福阅读学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

2020年托福阅读考试预测